Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.neurores.org

Review

Volume 12, Number 2, August 2021, pages 54-68


Auditing the Impact of Neuro-Advancements on Health Equity

Tables

Table 1. Search Strategies Used to Obtain Quantitative Hit Counts
 
StrategySources usedFirst search terms (abstract)Second search terms (abstract)
SDH: social determinants of health; BLI: Better Life Index; CIWB: Canadian Index of Well-Being; CBR: community-based rehabilitation.
Strategy 1aSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Robot*” OR “robotic*”Names of “the measures”
Strategy 1bSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”Names of “the measures”
Strategy 1cSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST50 neurotechnology-related termsNames of “the measures”
Strategy 1dSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”Names of the “the measures”
Strategy 2aSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Robot*” OR “robotic*”Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 2bSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 2cSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST50 neurotechnology-related termsSub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 2dSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”Sub-indicators of SDH, CBR matrix, CIWB, BLI
Strategy 3aSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Health equity” and strategy 1a first search terms
Strategy 3bSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“health equity” and strategy 1b first search terms
Strategy 3cSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Health equity” and strategy 1c first search terms
Strategy 3dSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Health equity” and strategy 1d first search terms
Strategy 3eSCOPUS/EBSCO-HOST“Health equity” and “neuroethic*” or “neurotechnology governance” OR “neuro-governance”

 

Table 2. Hit Counts for the Term Health Equity in Conjunction With Technologies and Neuroethics and Neurotechnology Governance
 
Terms“Robotic*” or “robot*”“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”50 NT“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”“Neuroethic*” OR “neuro-governance” OR “neurotechnology governance”
SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)
461,069 (100%)353,233 (100%)392,580 (100%)4,611 (100%)1,591 (100%)
Health equity313300

 

Table 3. Hit Counts for the Terms Used for the Various “Measures” in Conjunction With Technologies Covered or Health Equity
 
Terms related to “the measures”Health equity“Robotic*” or “robot*”“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”50 NT“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)
24,416 (100%)461,069 (100%)353,233 (100%)392,580 (100%)4,611 (100%)
Aqol00020
Better Life Index00100
Brief Inventory of Thriving00000
Calvert-Henderson Quality of Life00000
Canadian Index of Well-Being00000
Capability approach716530
Community-based rehabilitation04260
Community-based rehabilitation matrix00000
Community rehabilitation06080
Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving00000
Determinants of health2288253110
Flourishing Scale00420
Index of Well-Being00000
Meaning in Life20
Perceived Life Satisfaction00000
Satisfaction with Life Scale00070
Scale of Positive and Negative Experience00020
Social determinants of health161604150
“The Disability and Wellbeing Monitoring Framework and Indicators”00000
The Quality of Being Scale00000
Well-Being Index32570

 

Table 4. Presence of Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered
 
TermsSecondary indicator“Robotic*” or “robot*”“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”50 NT“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)
461,069 (100%)353,233 (100%)392,580 (100%)4,611 (100%)
Health7,96519,38018,049486
Healthcare/health care4,1958,5324,42729
Assistive technology/assistive technologies/assistive device1,34023871913
Health promotion2458572
Health prevention0650
Rehabilitation11,6331,13214,82765
Education76,1766,46710,798145
Childhood education00019
Primary education4110240
Secondary education6225351
Non-formal26950
Life-long learning785240
Livelihood319460
Skills development2,8841,5563,8620
Self-Employment2100
Financial services1811650
Wage employment0100
Social protection0310
Social14,78919,03818,170459
Social relationship116111760
Family3,1875,2219,08838
Personal Assistance671140
Culture1,9982,2055,48729
Arts11,69426,0776,32715
Sport1,1051,3101,55330
Leisure1,1121,2411,8930
Access to justice0000
Empowerment74160950
Communication26,53314,53914,11020
Social mobilization0210
Political participation1640
Self-help groups1350
Disabled people’s organizations0000

 

Table 5. Presence of Canadian Index of Wellbeing Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered
 
TermsSecondary indicator“Robotic*” or “robot*”“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”50 NT“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)
461,069 (100%)353,233 (100%)392,580 (100%)4,611 (100%)
Social relationships116111760
Social engagement8327560
Social Support588533310
Community safety0200
Social norms1065216013
Attitudes toward others0000
Democratic engagement0000
Participation2,4371,2962,73513
Communication26,53314,53914,11020
Leadership4424572303
Education7,6166,46710,789145
Competencies63153780613
Knowledge77,13243,22718,947151
Skill11,5395,12214,85768
Environment93,22029,87535,037143
AirFalse positive (FP)FPFP0
EnergyFPFPFP0
FreshwaterFPFPFP0
Non-renewable materialFPFPFP0
Biotic resourcesFPFPFP0
Healthy population1,919182145
Personal wellbeing0220
Physical health45932861
Life expectancy2,5532,9864,2530
Mental health2041,0422,65755
Functional health89100
Lifestyle21882796038
Public health1551,9561,54827
Healthcare/health care4,1498,5344,46729
Culture1,9982,2055,48729
Leisure1,1121,2411,8930
Living standard3940130
Income3821697786
Economic security111510
TimeNDNDNDND

 

Table 6. Presence of Better Life Index Indicators in Conjunction With Technologies Covered
 
Terms“Robotic*” or “robot*”“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”50 NT“Neuroenhancement*” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)
461,069 (100%)353,233 (100%)392,580 (100%)4,611 (100%)
Housing5683811396
Income4701,0697786
Jobs2,5552,33738443
Community5,93112,4905,54065
Education7,6166,46710,789145
Environment93,22029,87535,037143
Physical environment5191523430
Civic engagement3940
Health7,96519,38018,049486
Life satisfaction931482
Safety17,9756,6929,841129
Work life balance4520

 

Table 7. Presence of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Indicators in Conjunction With the Technologies Covered
 
Terms“Robotic*” or “robot*”“Artificial intelligence” or “machine learning”50 NT“Neuroenhancement” OR “neuro enhancement*” OR “neuro-enhancement*” OR “moral enhancement*” OR “cognitive enhancement*”
SCOPUS EBSCO-HOST (70 databases)
461,069 (100%)353,233 (100%)392,580 (100%)4,611 (100%)
Canadian indicators of SDH
  Income47010697786
  Education7,6166,46710,789145
  Unemployment213286310
  Job security15510
  Employment1,1061,12169254
  Early childhood development262319
  Food insecurity421355
  Housing5683811396
  Social exclusion1818970
  Social safety network0000
  Health services143381320
   “Aboriginal” OR “first nations” OR “Metis” OR “indigenous people” OR “Inuit”1621300
Gender1,6482,3955,48445
   “Women with disabilities” OR “disabled women”0000
  RaceNDNDNDND
  Immigration2860270
  Globalization2002871450
Other social determinants of health indicators
  Coping53843581720
  Discrimination10463538545429
  Genetic7,22214,40016,19898
  Stress4,6393,7259,660230
  Transportation3,5192,9864722
  Vocational training279502
  Social integration1612530
  Advocacy20681543
  Literacy3443853902
  RaceFPFPFPFP
  Ethnic532824830
  Walkability61370
  Physical environment5191523430
  Social engagement7727560
  Social status1626540