J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 3, June 2020, pages 73-79

Biomechanical Motion Analysis of Cervical and Thoracolumbar Spine During Ambulance Transport: A Healthy Volunteer Study

Figures

Figure 1. Model of the system used for measurement (including 16 accelerometers that communicate wirelessly), and the laptop interface.

Figure 2. (a) An example of a subject secured to a long spine board on the EMS stretcher with the head of the bed elevated to 10°. (b) Example of a subject secured to the stretcher with cerical collar without head blocks with the head of the bed elevated to 30°. (c) Example of a subject secured to the stretcher with cerical collar and head blocks with the head of the bed elevated to 30°.

Figure 3. Bar graph with error bars of the total volumetric motion of the head relative to the torso. All subjects were fitted with a cervical collar during transport. All subjects on long spine board were also fitted with head blocks secured to the long spine board. Stretcher subjects were transported either with or without head blocks, and all transports were 8 min in duration.

Figure 4. Bar graph with error bars of the total volumetric motion of the upper 10% of the thigh relative to the torso, all transports were 8 min in duration.

Table

**Table 1.** Changes in Vital Signs
	Mean	SD	n	Maximum change	Minimum change
Pain on a 1 to 10 scale. HOBE: head of bed elevation; SPB: change in systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); HR: change in heart rate (pulses per minute); SD: standard deviation.
Long spine board
Flat
SPB	5.9	11.9	8.0	27	0
HR	1.3	6.6	9.0	14	0
Pain	0.2	1.1	9.0	3	0
10° HOBE
SPB	0.6	13.2	9.0	26	2
HR	-0.3	8.6	9.0	7	3
Pain	0.4	0.5	9.0	1	0
Stretcher mattress without head blocks
10° HOBE
SPB	-3.2	9.9	9.0	17	2
HR	-4.0	11.0	9.0	10	3
Pain	0.0	0.0	9.0	0	0
30° HOBE
SPB	-6.7	9.3	9.0	25	1
HR	-5.0	10.4	9.0	8	2
Pain	0.0	0.0	9.0	0	0
45° HOBE
SPB	-0.9	11.5	9.0	18	0
HR	-5.3	10.3	9.0	22	2
Pain	0.0	0.0	9.0	0	0
60° HOBE
SPB	3.9	9.0	9.0	17	0
HR	-0.7	4.9	9.0	10	0
Pain	0.0	0.0	9.0	0	0
Stretcher mattress and head blocks
10° HOBE
SPB	1.1	11.1	9.0	14	0
HR	0.9	13.4	9.0	27	2
Pain	0.4	0.7	9.0	2	0
30° HOBE
SPB	-2.1	5.9	9.0	11	0
HR	-6.8	13.1	9.0	35	1
Pain	0.1	0.3	9.0	1	0
45° HOBE
SPB	1.2	8.4	9.0	16	2
HR	-3.8	9.1	9.0	26	1
Pain	0.0	0.0	9.0	0	0
60° HOBE
SPB	6.9	17.2	9.0	34	1
HR	1.0	7.5	9.0	14	1
Pain	0.1	0.3	9.0	1	0