J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 1, Number 2, June 2011, pages 48-58

Functional Level During the First Year After Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Course and Predictors of Outcome

**Table 1.** Pre-Analyses of Patient Characteristics in Relation to FIM 12 Months After Injury
Predictor	N (%)	FIM 12 months (SD)	Corr*	P-value
Numbers are given as mean values if not otherwise indicated. M/F: Male/Female; PTA: Post-Traumatic Amnesia; LOS acute: Length of Stay acute hospitalization; LOS rehab: Length of Stay in rehabilitation hospital; GCS acute: Glasgow Coma Scale acute hospitalization; GCS rehab: Glasgow Coma Scale in rehabilitation hospital; FIM Adm/Disch: Functional Independence Measure Admission/Discharge. * Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation. N = 63 due to missing FIM values in 2 out of 65 subjects. Missing 17 responses in the education predictor. Missing 11 responses in the complication predictor.
Place of acute care
Regional hospital	48 (76)	113 (± 26)		0.229
Level 1 trauma center	15 (24)	119 (± 21)
Rehab team (yes/no)	50 (79)/13 (21)	112 (± 28)/125 (± 4)		0.101
Gender M/F	48 (76)/15 (24)	115 (± 23)/111 (± 32)		0.280
Age	63 (100)		-0.072	0.575
Civil status (alone/live with)	30 (48)/32 (52)	117 (± 19)/112 (± 30)		0.670
Education (< 12/≥ 12)	24 (52)/22 (48)	116 (± 25)/122 (± 17)		0.943
Alcohol/drug (yes/no)	17 (16)/43 (26)	120 (± 16)/113 (± 26)		0.140
Other injuries (none/≥ 1)	38 (60)/25 (40)	121 (± 16)/110 (± 29)		0.067
Complications (none/≥ 1)	15 (29)/37 (71)	117(± 19)/106 (± 36)		0.015
Injury severity
Moderate TBI	21 (33)	123 (± 13)		< 0.001
Severe TBI	42 (66)	110 (± 29)
Injury mechanism
Traffic accidents	32 (51)	114 (± 28)		0.424
Falling	23 (37)	112 (± 25)
Violence, sports, other	8 (13)	126 (± 1)
Injury localization
Frontal	17 (28)	115 (± 25)		0.699
Non-frontal	43 (72)	116 (± 23)
PTA duration (days)	63 (100)		-0.512	< 0.001
LOS acute	63 (100)		-0.357	< 0.004
LOS rehab	63 (100)		-0.397	< 0.001
GCS acute	62 (100)		-0.377	< 0.002
GCS rehab	63 (100)		0.536	< 0.001
FIM adm	63 (100)		0.588	< 0.001
FIM disch	63 (100)		0.708	< 0.001

Table 1. Pre-Analyses of Patient Characteristics in Relation to FIM 12 Months After Injury

Predictor

N (%)

FIM 12 months (SD)

Corr*

P-value

Numbers are given as mean values if not otherwise indicated. M/F: Male/Female; PTA: Post-Traumatic Amnesia; LOS acute: Length of Stay acute hospitalization; LOS rehab: Length of Stay in rehabilitation hospital; GCS acute: Glasgow Coma Scale acute hospitalization; GCS rehab: Glasgow Coma Scale in rehabilitation hospital; FIM Adm/Disch: Functional Independence Measure Admission/Discharge. * Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation. N = 63 due to missing FIM values in 2 out of 65 subjects. Missing 17 responses in the education predictor. Missing 11 responses in the complication predictor.

Place of acute care

Regional hospital

48 (76)

113 (± 26)

0.229

Level 1 trauma center

15 (24)

119 (± 21)

Rehab team (yes/no)

50 (79)/13 (21)

112 (± 28)/125 (± 4)

0.101

Gender M/F

48 (76)/15 (24)

115 (± 23)/111 (± 32)

0.280

Age

63 (100)

-0.072

0.575

Civil status (alone/live with)

30 (48)/32 (52)

117 (± 19)/112 (± 30)

0.670

Education (< 12/≥ 12)

24 (52)/22 (48)

116 (± 25)/122 (± 17)

0.943

Alcohol/drug (yes/no)

17 (16)/43 (26)

120 (± 16)/113 (± 26)

0.140

Other injuries (none/≥ 1)

38 (60)/25 (40)

121 (± 16)/110 (± 29)

0.067

Complications (none/≥ 1)

15 (29)/37 (71)

117(± 19)/106 (± 36)

0.015

Injury severity

Moderate TBI

21 (33)

123 (± 13)

< 0.001

Severe TBI

42 (66)

110 (± 29)

Injury mechanism

Traffic accidents

32 (51)

114 (± 28)

0.424

Falling

23 (37)

112 (± 25)

Violence, sports, other

8 (13)

126 (± 1)

Injury localization

Frontal

17 (28)

115 (± 25)

0.699

Non-frontal

43 (72)

116 (± 23)

PTA duration (days)

63 (100)

-0.512

< 0.001

LOS acute

63 (100)

-0.357

< 0.004

LOS rehab

63 (100)

-0.397

< 0.001

GCS acute

62 (100)

-0.377

< 0.002

GCS rehab

63 (100)

0.536

< 0.001

FIM adm

63 (100)

0.588

< 0.001

FIM disch

63 (100)

0.708

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Results of Multiple Regression Analysis With FIM
Variable	B Coefficient (95% CI)	P-value
Adjusted R Square for the model: 0.474. *Number of patients, N = 63.
Constant	32.195 (-7.673 - 72.062)	0.111
Gender	-8.013 (-19.313 - 3.286)	0.161
PTA duration	-0.211 (-0.391 - -0.031)	0.022
LOS rehab	0.419 (0.059 - 0.778)	0.023
GCS rehab	5.234 (2.476 - 7.993)	< 0.001
FIM adm	0.180 (-0.082 - 0.441)	0.174

Table 2. Results of Multiple Regression Analysis With FIM

Variable

B Coefficient (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted R Square for the model: 0.474. *Number of patients, N = 63.

Constant

32.195 (-7.673 - 72.062)

0.111

Gender

-8.013 (-19.313 - 3.286)

0.161

PTA duration

-0.211 (-0.391 - -0.031)

0.022

LOS rehab

0.419 (0.059 - 0.778)

0.023

GCS rehab

5.234 (2.476 - 7.993)

< 0.001

FIM adm

0.180 (-0.082 - 0.441)

0.174

**Table 3.** Functional Measures at Admission, Discharge and 12 Months After Moderate or Severe TBI
	Adm rehab. (± SD)	Disch rehab. (± SD)	12 months (± SD)	P-value
Values are given as mean if not otherwise specified. FIM total: Functional Independence Measure total score (best score 126); FIM-M: FIM Motor sub-score (best score 91); FIM-COG: Cognitive sub-score (best score 35). P-values are given with post hoc Bonferroni correction. * N = 42 at 12 months follow-up. P-value between adm rehab and disch rehab. * P-value between adm rehab and 12 months follow-up. **** P-value between disch rehab and 12 months follow-up.
Moderate TBI (n = 21)
FIM total	109 (± 21)	124 (± 3)	123 (± 13)	0.005 0.009* 1.000****
FIM-M	82 (± 15)	91 (± 9)	89 (± 9)	0.018 0.083* 1.000****
FIM-COG	27 (± 8)	33 (± 3)	34 (± 4)	< 0.001 < 0.001* 1.000****
Severe TBI (n = 44*)
FIM total	81 (± 5)	101 (± 5)	113 (± 29)	< 0.001 < 0.001* 0.005****
FIM-M	60 (± 4)	75 (± 4)	83 (± 4)	< 0.001 < 0.001* 0.050****
FIM-COG	22 (± 2)	28 (± 2)	29 (± 2)	0.005 < 0.001* 1.000****

Table 3. Functional Measures at Admission, Discharge and 12 Months After Moderate or Severe TBI

Adm rehab. (± SD)

Disch rehab. (± SD)

12 months (± SD)

P-value

Values are given as mean if not otherwise specified. FIM total: Functional Independence Measure total score (best score 126); FIM-M: FIM Motor sub-score (best score 91); FIM-COG: Cognitive sub-score (best score 35). P-values are given with post hoc Bonferroni correction. * N = 42 at 12 months follow-up. ** P-value between adm rehab and disch rehab. *** P-value between adm rehab and 12 months follow-up. **** P-value between disch rehab and 12 months follow-up.

Moderate TBI (n = 21)

FIM total

109 (± 21)

124 (± 3)

123 (± 13)

0.005**
0.009***
1.000****

FIM-M

82 (± 15)

91 (± 9)

89 (± 9)

0.018**
0.083***
1.000****

FIM-COG

27 (± 8)

33 (± 3)

34 (± 4)

< 0.001**
< 0.001***
1.000****

Severe TBI (n = 44*)

FIM total

81 (± 5)

101 (± 5)

113 (± 29)

< 0.001**
< 0.001***
0.005****

FIM-M

60 (± 4)

75 (± 4)

83 (± 4)

< 0.001**
< 0.001***
0.050****

FIM-COG

22 (± 2)

28 (± 2)

29 (± 2)

0.005**
< 0.001***
1.000****