J Neurol Res

Journal of Neurology Research, ISSN 1923-2845 print, 1923-2853 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Neurol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.neurores.org

Original Article

Volume 1, Number 1, April 2011, pages 11-15

Atrophy in the Medial Temporal Lobe is Specifically Associated With Encoding and Storage of Verbal Information in MCI and Alzheimer Patients

**Table 1.** Results (Means ± SD or Percentage) on the Word-List Memory Task and MR Findings for the Controls, MCI Patients and AD Patients
	Controls	MCI patients	AD patients
* Education level: ranges from 0 - 7, higher score indicates higher education [13]. † MMSE: mini mental state examination, ranges from 0 - 30, higher scores are better. ‡ RAVLT: Rey’s auditory verbal learning test, trial 1 - trial 5/delayed recall score is the number of words reproduced of the 15 words given. Recognition ranges from 0 - 30, a score of 15 is chance and 30 indicated complete recognition [12]. §Discrimination index: difference in standard deviation units between subjects’ hit rate and false alarm rate, higher values mean better discrimination [3]. ¶ Response bias: Neutral response bias has a C value of 0, conservative bias produces positive C values and liberal response bias results in negative values [3]. ** MTA: medial temporal lobe atrophy, ranges from 0 - 4, lower scores indicate less atrophy. \|\|WML: white matter lesions, ranges from 0 - 40, lower scores indicate less white matter pathology [10]. †† Sylvian fissure ratio: width of the Sylvian fissure divided by the maximal brain width [9]. ‡‡ Occipital ratio: maximal width of the occipital horn divided by the brain width along the same line [9]. §§ Frontal ratio: distance between the tips of the frontal horns divided by the brain width along the same line. ¶¶ Caudal ratio: minimal distance between the caudate indentations of the frontal horns divided by the brain width along the same line [9].
N	21	19	34
Age	76.1 (3.8)	72.0 (6.8)	77.7 (5.8)
% Female	23.8%	52.6%	61.8%
Education level *	5.4 (1.3)	4.5 (1.6)	3.9 (1.9)
MMSE †	29.0 (1.3)	26.7 (2.4)	21.3 (3.5)
RAVLT ‡
Trial 1	4.8 (1.3)	3.7 (1.2)	2.2 (1.3)
Trial 2	7.7 (2.3)	4.4 (1.3)	3.4 (1.8)
Trial 3	8.8 (4.5)	6.0 (1.5)	3.7 (1.9)
Trial 4	9.8 (2.6)	6.2 (1.4)	4.1 (2.2)
Trial 5	10.7 (2.4)	6.1 (2.2)	4.1 (1.5)
Delayed recall	8.7 (2.9)	2.7 (2.3)	0.6 (1.1)
Delayed recognition	28.1 (1.7)	24.9 (2.8)	20.3 (3.9)
Hits	14.0 (0.9)	12.8 (2.1)	10.9 (2.7)
Correct rejections	14.1 (1.4)	12.1 (2.4)	9.4 (4.1)
Misses	1.0 (0.9)	2.2 (2.1)	4.1 (2.7)
False alarms	0.9 (1.4)	2.9 (2.4)	5.6 (4.1)
Discrimination index §	2.9 (0.6)	2.0 (0.7)	1.1 (0.9)
Response bias C index¶	0.07 (0.3)	-0.07 (0.4)	-0.14 (0.6)
MTA ** score	0.4 (0.6)	1.3 (0.8)	2.3 (0.8)
WML \|\| total	3.8 (3.4)	3.4 (2.8)	4.8 (3.9)
Sylvian fissure ratio††	0.09 (0.02)	0.08 (0.03)	0.09 (0.02)
Occipital ratio‡‡	0.53 (0.03)	0.52 (0.04)	0.54 (0.04)
Frontal ratio§§	0.35 (0.04)	0.35 (0.04)	0.37(0.05)
Caudal ratio¶¶	0.16 (0.03)	0.17 (0.03)	0.18 (0.03)

Table 1. Results (Means ± SD or Percentage) on the Word-List Memory Task and MR Findings for the Controls, MCI Patients and AD Patients

Controls

MCI patients

AD patients

* Education level: ranges from 0 - 7, higher score indicates higher education [13]. † MMSE: mini mental state examination, ranges from 0 - 30, higher scores are better. ‡ RAVLT: Rey’s auditory verbal learning test, trial 1 - trial 5/delayed recall score is the number of words reproduced of the 15 words given. Recognition ranges from 0 - 30, a score of 15 is chance and 30 indicated complete recognition [12]. §Discrimination index: difference in standard deviation units between subjects’ hit rate and false alarm rate, higher values mean better discrimination [3]. ¶ Response bias: Neutral response bias has a C value of 0, conservative bias produces positive C values and liberal response bias results in negative values [3]. ** MTA: medial temporal lobe atrophy, ranges from 0 - 4, lower scores indicate less atrophy. ||WML: white matter lesions, ranges from 0 - 40, lower scores indicate less white matter pathology [10]. †† Sylvian fissure ratio: width of the Sylvian fissure divided by the maximal brain width [9]. ‡‡ Occipital ratio: maximal width of the occipital horn divided by the brain width along the same line [9]. §§ Frontal ratio: distance between the tips of the frontal horns divided by the brain width along the same line. ¶¶ Caudal ratio: minimal distance between the caudate indentations of the frontal horns divided by the brain width along the same line [9].

Age

76.1 (3.8)

72.0 (6.8)

77.7 (5.8)

% Female

23.8%

52.6%

61.8%

Education level *

5.4 (1.3)

4.5 (1.6)

3.9 (1.9)

MMSE †

29.0 (1.3)

26.7 (2.4)

21.3 (3.5)

RAVLT ‡

Trial 1

4.8 (1.3)

3.7 (1.2)

2.2 (1.3)

Trial 2

7.7 (2.3)

4.4 (1.3)

3.4 (1.8)

Trial 3

8.8 (4.5)

6.0 (1.5)

3.7 (1.9)

Trial 4

9.8 (2.6)

6.2 (1.4)

4.1 (2.2)

Trial 5

10.7 (2.4)

6.1 (2.2)

4.1 (1.5)

Delayed recall

8.7 (2.9)

2.7 (2.3)

0.6 (1.1)

Delayed recognition

28.1 (1.7)

24.9 (2.8)

20.3 (3.9)

Hits

14.0 (0.9)

12.8 (2.1)

10.9 (2.7)

Correct rejections

14.1 (1.4)

12.1 (2.4)

9.4 (4.1)

Misses

1.0 (0.9)

2.2 (2.1)

4.1 (2.7)

False alarms

0.9 (1.4)

2.9 (2.4)

5.6 (4.1)

Discrimination index §

2.9 (0.6)

2.0 (0.7)

1.1 (0.9)

Response bias C index¶

0.07 (0.3)

-0.07 (0.4)

-0.14 (0.6)

MTA ** score

0.4 (0.6)

1.3 (0.8)

2.3 (0.8)

WML || total

3.8 (3.4)

3.4 (2.8)

4.8 (3.9)

Sylvian fissure ratio††

0.09 (0.02)

0.08 (0.03)

0.09 (0.02)

Occipital ratio‡‡

0.53 (0.03)

0.52 (0.04)

0.54 (0.04)

Frontal ratio§§

0.35 (0.04)

0.37(0.05)

Caudal ratio¶¶

0.16 (0.03)

0.17 (0.03)

0.18 (0.03)